-Developing countries, urgent sustainability problems and different approaches and strategies. The objectives of sustainable development, their adaptation and various challenges in developing countries. -Institutions, platforms and global governance initiatives on developing countries, their effectiveness and legitimacy. -International trade and its socioeconomic and ecological impact on the Global South. Diverse levels of threats to biodiversity generated by trade and tools to mitigate them. -International capital flows in and out of developing countries. The policy and practice of multinational companies in the South; the investment processes by the multinationals of the South in the rest of the world. -Development models and perspectives: their transformations due to economic, political and climate crisis. Questioning of neoliberalism and emergence of different models such as ¿green developmentalism¿; impact of the pandemic on the transformation of development thinking, respective strategies and policy instruments. -Environmental justice, varying perspectives and initiatives.