Comprehension of the changes in the biological diversity at various scales (regional and global) and levels of ecological organization (species, communities, ecosystems and landscapes). Incorporation of the idea of planetary limit and its relations with the environmental threats. Comprehension of the cities as complex ecosystems interacting with other systems of the environment.

-Anthropocene, the notion and the implications. Main features of the era of global change -The self-imposed environmental threats: Climate change, biodiversity loss, the increased risk of pandemics, -The role of local culture and native indigenous people, atmospheric pollution, plastics, nitrogen. -Important problems and obstacles: agriculture and food provision, healthy diet, disinformation. -The social and economic dimension of environmental crisis.