SECTION 1: IN THE ORIGIN OF THE HISTORICAL REPORT: FROM ORAL-MEMORIAL TRADITION TO WRITTEN REGISTRATION 1. Memory before writing (oral-memorial tradition). 2. Classical historiography in Greece and Rome and their impact on time. 3. The theologization of history during the Middle Ages. 4. The emergence of critical-documentary scholarship in the Renaissance. 5. From erudition to method: the beginning of History as a pragmatic and critical discipline. SECTION 2: THE INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF HISTORY AS SCIENCE IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 6. Romanticism, history and national consciousness. 7. The consolidation of history as an objective scientific discipline: German historicism and the work of Leopold von Ranke. 8. The professionalization of national historical schools in the nineteenth century: chairs, schools, archives and publications. 9. Marxism and the materialist conception of history. SECTION 3: THE NEW DEFEATS OF HISTORIOGRAPHY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY 10. The story understood. The crisis of positivism and the influence of Durkheimian and Weberian sociology. 11. The Economic History, the serial history and the origins of social history 12. From structuralism to "total history": birth, rise and decline of the Annales school. 13. British historiographical neo-Marxism and its influence in the second half of the 20th century. The journal Past & Present, the works of E. P. Thom- pson and E. Hobsbawm and the debate around "culturalism" in the analysis of social structure. 14. The quantitative paradigm: American cliometry of the New Economic History SECTION 4: CURRENT HISTORIOGRAPHIC TRENDS: BETWEEN THE PARADIGMS CRISIS AND THE THEMATIC AND METHODOLOGICAL RE- NEWAL 15. The bursting and fragmentation of objects and methods. 16. The anthropological-cultural turn and return of the actor: new cultural and intellectual history, microhistory, oral history, history of everyday life. 17. The linguistic turn: the polemic of postmodernism since the 80¿s. The history of concepts and the history of mentalities. 18. Historical sociology and the new political history. 19. Sectoral and alternative histories: gender, ecology, current history, comparative and interdisciplinary studies. The new orientations in the study of the popular sectors: the case of the subaltern studies.