1. Introduction: The French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars
2. The liberal era
3. The establishment of democracy
5. Capitalism, socialism and labor movement
6. Rural and urban worlds
7. Romanticism
8. Religion and Society
9. Europe and the world
10. The First World War.
11. The Postwar crisis of liberal democracies
12. Communism and the Soviet Union
13. Fascisms
14. The Second World War and its consequences