-Nation, Federation, Confederation. Integration of States.
-The economic logic of political and institutional integration: Free trade area, customs union, common market, economic union.
-Europe and the European Union: The first attempts of integration: the Council of Europe; BENELUX; the birth of the European Communities: ECSC, EEC and EURATOM; Treaties, institutional reforms and successive enlargements.
-Other models of integration: EFTA.
-Integration processes in the American context: LAFTA, LAIA, Mercosur, the Andean Community, NAFTA - USMCA, SICA.
-Integration processes in Africa and Asia (CPTPP, ASEAN, RCEP).