1. Ballistics and Instrumental Traces: ballistics and instrumental traces refer to the scientific and technical study of firearms and their effects, as well as the analysis of the traces and marks produced at the crime scene or on objects related to a crime. This discipline includes the analysis of bullet trajectories, firearm identification, evaluation of bullet effects on objects and living beings, as well as the analysis of tool marks and other aspects. The primary objective of ballistics and instrumental traces is to provide scientific evidence that helps solve crimes and identify those responsible. This part includes:
- Tool marks
- Exterior ballistics
- Identificative ballistics
- Functional ballistics
- Effects ballistics
- Wound ballistics
- Footwear impressions and SICAR
- Stolen vehicles
2. Graphology: graphology is the discipline that deals with the study and analysis of handwriting and written documents in general, with the aim of identifying their author(s), determining their authenticity, and detecting any alterations or forgeries. Graphologists use specific techniques and tools to analyze handwriting, such as observing the shape and size of letters, the inclination and pressure of the writing, and the speed and rhythm of the handwriting, among other aspects. Graphology is very useful in criminal investigations, as it can help identify the authorship of forged documents or anonymous threats, and in other fields, such as historical research and the authentication of artwork and important documents.
3. Forensic Photography: forensic photography is a crucial discipline in criminal investigation that focuses on the detailed capture and analysis of crime scenes, victims, suspects, and any relevant evidence. This technique not only documents the crime scene objectively and precisely, but also allows investigators and courts to have an exact visual record of the facts.
4. Forensic Science and the Environment (Soil, Glass, and Other Analyses): forensic science and the environment is an interdisciplinary discipline that applies scientific techniques to investigate environmental crimes and analyze evidence related to the natural environment. This field of study focuses on the analysis of soils, glass, and other environmental materials to provide crucial information in solving crimes and protecting the environment.
5. Drug Analysis and Detection: New Psychoactive Substances: drug analysis and detection is a crucial discipline in forensic science dedicated to the identification and quantification of controlled substances in biological and non-biological samples. With the constant rise of new psychoactive substances (NPS), also known as new designer drugs, this field has become increasingly complex and essential in the fight against drug trafficking and abuse.
6. Forensic Anthropology and Identification: forensic anthropology is a branch of forensic science that deals with the study of human remains, with the aim of determining identity, causes of death, and other circumstances related to a deceased person. Forensic anthropologists apply methods and knowledge from physical anthropology to help solve criminal cases, mass disasters, and other situations where human remains need to be identified.