1. Introduction and terminology. Key concepts 2. Liberalism versus religiosity. 3. Clericalism and anticlericalism. From the last third of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century. 4. The workers' movement and social Catholicism. 5. The Second Spanish Republic and the religious question 6. The Civil War and religion 7. Francoism. National Catholicism and conflict 8. Fascism, Nazism and religion. Cross Conflicts 9. Post World War II. Conflict in the pontificates. Liberation theology. 10. The Hebrew world and the conflict in the State of Israel. 11. Contemporary Islam. 12. Power, state and religion. Ireland and Cyprus.