1. The beginnings of the modern State and the formation of a system of States in the modern age. 2. Formation of nation-states, nationalism and early imperialism. 3. Revolutions, new elites and social change in the nineteenth century: the French Revolution, the independence of America, the new social and political regime and the rise of the bourgeoisie. 4. Urbanization, industrialization, capitalism, labor movements and the extension of suffrage. 5. The modern state, secularization and the modern world. 6. Bureaucratic professionalization, transnational movements, ideologies of progress, and political-military rivalries. 7. Wars and the weakness of the international political system in the interwar period. 8. The Russian Revolution, the crisis of capitalism during the Great Depression and the rise of fascism. 9. A new world political order, the cold war and the strengthening of welfare states. 10. Decolonization. 11. Social and cultural change. 12. The world after the fall of the socialist bloc: Political challenges of globalization.
13. Global society or clash of civilizations