Microeconomics; Macroeconomics; Econometrics; Applied Economics.

The aim of this course is to use economic models and the data-analysis techniques learned in previous courses to study the demand and supply of Education. It also includes analyzing the role of Education in economic development, the effects and reasons for the role of the public sector in Education, and answering key questions on current education policies. In each part of the course, the theoretical foundations will be reviewed. We will study the main theories explaining the demand for education and the model about supply in this special sector. We will also discuss the proper methodology for estimating those demand and supply models and the main results and limitations of the existence empirical evidence. Students will acquire the following knowledge skills: - To understand and analyze education policy problems. Examples of issues being currently debated are the effect over efficiency and equality of opportunities of significantly increasing college tuition fees in Spain; whether it is profitable for the society and for the individual to invest more in education, differencing by levels of education; the social and private returns rates of the effect over the quality of education of the increase in the student/teacher ratio; properties of different school choice systems; effects, causes and solutions of the high school drop out rates; etc. - To understand and analyze the role of education on countries' development. - To understand, estimate, and interpret functions of costs and demand in order to know their determinants. and to show their utility for the formulation of education policies. - To understand, estimate and analyze the effects of determinants of the quality of education and to show their utility to evaluate education policies. - To analyze the public sector intervention in education. - To study and compare different systems of financing Education and their effects. - To learn research strategies specific to the empirical research on the Economics of Education. This includes learning techniques, and the the use of statistical resources, among other things. This particular skill will be very useful, for example, in doing the Bachelor thesis. Moreover, students will improve the following skills : - Analytical and presentation skills of scientific results. - Ability to evaluate empirical research in Economics of Education. - Critical analysis of theoretical model and empirical strategies used to answer relevant questions about the economics of education and to evaluate education policies. With respect to attitudes, as a result of the work done in this course, the following attitudes will be strengthen: - Curiosity and interest for solving empirical problem with rigour, and to test and quatify answer to questions in this subject. - Ability of understand and compare several theories offering alternative explanations to a given observed fact. - Critical attitude to detect wrong arguments and reasonings in the evaluation of education policies.

K1: Understand democratic principles and values, as well as the Sustainable Development Goals, with special emphasis on respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, gender equality, non-discrimination, universal accessibility principles, and the fight against climate change. K3: Acquire knowledge of the theories and techniques specific to Economics, employing appropriate terminology and the scientific method. K4: To understand the functioning of the economy as the efficient allocation of scarce resources, including the importance of equity. K5: Know quantitative and qualitative research techniques, and be able to discern which are the most appropriate to apply in the field of economics. K6: Comprehend the economic and social impact of various public policies on different agents and in diverse socioeconomic contexts. K7: Understand the economic variables that regulate the economy and govern the behaviour of agents. K9: Identify the economic, political, and social framework for the activities of various economic, political, or social agents. S2: Exploit information by interpreting relevant data, avoiding plagiarism, and adhering to academic and professional conventions within the field of study, with the ability to evaluate the reliability and quality of the information. S3: Apply the knowledge acquired in the degree program to rigorously, accurately, and scientifically identify socioeconomic processes and propose potential solutions. S5: Formulate, debate, and defend critical and ethical arguments related to Economics. S6: Identify, collect, interpret and manage relevant information on economic issues, using the appropriate concepts and methodologies of analysis. S8: Formally representing economic decision-making processes S9: Derive relevant economic information from the data, and be able to process it to answer the questions of interest S11: Describe and analyze economic problems within a specific social context. S12: Model and quantitatively interpret specific economic issues C3: Independently develop and defend a problem within the disciplinary scope of the degree, proposing well-founded solutions through the application of the knowledge, skills, tools, and strategies acquired or developed throughout the degree program. C4: Solve economic models of interest from both theoretical and numerical perspectives. C5: Use appropriate statistical and econometric tools to address and solve economic problems. C6: Integrate democratic principles and values, as well as the Sustainable Development Goals, into the professional sphere.

1 .- Introduction Introduction. Topics in Economics of Education. Indicators in education: gross and net enrollment rates; measures of Investment in education and human capital stock. Human capital and economic growth: is there a causal relation? Is education quality driving countries¿ economic growth or is it that richer countries have better education systems? 2 .- Education Demand What are the reasons that explain the demand for education? Human capital theory. Implications. Consumption theory. Theory of signaling. The intergenerational transmission of inequality. Empirical implications of demand models. Determinants of demand: the importance of socioeconomic background and the effects of unemployment. 3 .- Economic returns to education What are the earnings premiums (if any) from education? Mincer wage equation. Estimation of the returns: methods, main findings in the empirical literature, limitations (biases), possible solutions. Effect on the probability of unemployment. Applications. Are there too many university graduates (over-education)? 4 .- Costs of education How much is spent per student? Which are the costs of studying? Expenses and education costs. Public spending and private spending. Cost functions. Economies of scale and economies of scope. 5.- Production (supply) of education How is school quality measured? Which are the factors explaining quality of education? How can we explain the fact that two students with the same number of years of education acquire different levels of human capital? Which is the impact on school quality of increasing class size? Which are the determinants of school dropout? What policies have greater impact on students performance? School Inputs and Outputs (Student Achievement): definitions and measures. The Impact of the Coleman Report. Education Production Functions: the cumulative education production model, and the ¿value-added¿ model. The Determinants of School Quality. Main results in the literature on the relative impact of school inputs on student achievement: education spending, class size, peer-group effects, teachers¿ quality, school quality, ¿tracking policy¿ etc. 6 .- The Financing of Compulsory Education. The local and public model. School vouchers: Models and Experiments. Publicly financed Private Education. Efficiency and equity. School choice issue. Which are the effects of different school systems and school choice programs on equality of opportunity? Do they lead to better school quality? 7 .- The Financing of Higher Education How much do tertiary students pay and what public subsidies do they receive? Does that financing system lead to efficiency and equality of opportunities? Fees, grants, loans and taxes. Experiences in some OECD countries. Financing public universities. Models of resource allocation to the universities. Evaluation, financing and incentives. Over the course we will also see the usefulness of the various aspects covered for policy analysis in education and training and for assessing the public sector intervention in education. Bibliography can be found in the file under "Detailed subject contents or complementary information"

For the various topics covered in this course, we will follow the following methodology: - Motivation with relevant and topical questions on education and the basic data managed in the public debate. - Formal explanation of the various theories developed to address and respond to each question. This will include exercises to be developed by students on these theories and their possible extensions. - Review of the econometric techniques necessary to contrast the theories and make a measurement of effects. - Empirical analysis of the problems and answers to the relevant questions that motivated the topic. - Reading, presentation and critical comments by the students of different theories and the results available in the scientific literature on each topic. -Elaboration and presentation of short empirical works by students, which may include searching for updated data that may motivate or support other theories, giving a rigorous answer to questions in the course, and describing the actual situation on the aspect treated.