K1: Identify the key historical processes of history, from Antiquity to globalization, recognizing their political and social implications K2: To know the historical evolution of political institutions, from Antiquity to the present day, identifying their impact on government systems K5: Describe the actors, institutions, and processes that shape international relations, explaining their influence on the global landscape K6: To compare historical economic systems, relating them to their socio-political context from Antiquity to the present day K7: Relate social movements and struggles for civil rights to changes in social structures throughout history and analyze changes in cultural expressions (art, literature, religion) and their link to historical and political processes S1: Build solid historical and political arguments from a rigorous documentary base S2: Apply logical and creative thinking in solving complex historiographical and political problems S3: Experiment with research methodologies, simulating historical or political situations relevant to their analysis S4: Simulate geopolitical scenarios and international conflicts, demonstrating understanding of their implications S5: Demonstrate academic writing skills by crafting essays and articles based on original research S6: Perform critical analyses of historical and geopolitical maps, relating them to historical events and processes S7: Compose interdisciplinary research projects, integrating economic, sociological and cultural perspectives S8: Creating innovative approaches to address historical and political problems C1: Have critical and analytical skills evaluating historical sources and political texts to interpret their relevance in real contexts C3: Actively participate in interdisciplinary projects to analyze historical and political phenomena from multiple perspectives C4: Demonstrate the ability to integrate theoretical knowledge into practical scenarios such as public policy analysis or historical-cultural projects C5: Develop skills to convey clear and grounded ideas about history and politics, orally and in writing

Introduction: the characteristic elements of violence 1. An attempt of definition and characterization of violence 2. Basic characters of violence as a general social phenomenon 3. Social sciences and the problem of violence: a preliminary approach 4. The theories of rational collective action and its historical application. 5. Violence in politics 6. Main violent archetypes 7. State and violence 8. War and peace between the nations: basic principles of polemology and irenology 9. Peace and diplomacy 10. War and technological development 11. Cultures of war and cultures of peace 12. War and society in the "New Military History".